First thing's first. You MUST get your speeds down pat. Once you can consistently putt the ball to around 1ft short to 3ft past, you can work on your lines. Once you have the distance, the amount of break will become a "feel" thing and will just sort of start coming to you.
It never hurts to play the same course over and over again for awhile. I played Kiawah when I was brand new. But, if you have the equipment for it, I would start on Bethpage because it's has the more subtle greens (outside of a couple real doozies). But, once you feel you've improved quite a bit, Oakmont and Olympic will make you a better putter.
Just stay patient. You will play enough rounds to remember about how much a specific putt moves. And, don't play break on anything inside 5ft unless absolutely necessary.....just ram it in. Being near automatic from inside 5ft will give you confidence to be aggressive from longer ranges.