All of your questions depend the clubs and ball.
1. Shots that have to travel further are affected more by the wind. I play approximately 1.1x the wind when I'm hitting a full 3 wood, but only 0.25x the wind when I'm hitting a 50 yard wedge.
With starter irons I play 0.5x the wind - i.e. I would add 5 yards when playing into a 10mph headwind.
2. Correct. You can also use topspin, but that's best with high-trajectory clubs to get a couple extra yards of rollout on the greens.
Be aware that backspin does shorten your shots somewhat, though not too much at your current level of equipment. I use full backspin on most approach shots when I play with starter gear.
3. Again, this depends on the trajectory of your clubs. With high trajectory, it's pretty much 1:1 (3 feet = 1 extra yard). With med-high or medium, you'll need more to get up the hill... but you'll see a lot of extra rollout even with full backspin. Long putts on those holes are simply a fact of life.