There are some complicated calcs out there, and I will leave those aside. Personally my calcs are v simple and do me. They will serve as a base for you to enjoy all courses all conditions though, and you will need something for that to shoot well.
Pro Green (stimp 9??) add a foot inside 15 feet, and the +/- elevation. After 15' that take 90% of the distance. Base calc I would say to try out get a feel for, and then adjust as needed having learnt your putter. Generally a putter will have better balance with the shallower scales. Remember balance is important as it is the measurement of grouping distance wise for a group of putts, and the smaller the grouping the better (therefore the better the balance the better, and especially if you set the meter scale deep. Remember to read the topography of putts though from behind the avatar feet to beyond the hole, and personally I prefer the firm line finishing 3' past if miss.
Wind - 5MPH +/- 2%; 7 MPH +/- 7 %, and 10MPH 4%. Also remember elevation which is 1 yard extra for every 3' up, and 75% that value down.
E.g. 150 out, 10 MPH head wind (HW) up 30 IS 150 = elevation of 10 = 160 increased by 4% = grand distance of say 167 yards needed.
OOther ways exist ranging from this through to complicated stuff. This is a good start though, and will get you a feel for distances in this game with .5 seconds a hole on real slow mornings:)....Remember some holes do just play a little different, and you need to go with that.
Lastly do not go swapping balls and expect yardages just to stay the same, and all clubs must be mapped to understand spin settings / no spin (latter more important at this stage at any rate), and I suggest BPB B9 ( low cross wind for that using the first 3 holes there.
Really is 3 seconds a shot calc wise, but the rest is hole knowledge / your club ball combo ( club mapping ) knowledge.
Cheers